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Warplanes: May 31, 2001

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Spain has completed a program begun in 1996 to modernize 48 single-seat Mirage-F1s and four two-seat Mirage-F1Bs. The $93 million program included NATO-standard communications, GPS navigation, improved avionics, and a new countermeasures system. The upgrade also expands the weapons which the aircraft can carry. The Mirage-F1 is known as the C.12 in Spanish service.--Stephen V Cole

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